1.
Irina Khakamada
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Irina Mutsuovna Khakamada is a Russian politician who ran in the Russian presidential election,2004. She is a member of The Other Russia coalition and her paternal uncle is Satomi Hakamada, a longtime member of the Japanese Communist Party leadership. The Russia expert and Aoyama Gakuin University political science professor Shigeki Hakamada is her half-brother, in Kanji, her family name is 袴田, in katakana, her name is イリーナ・ハカマダ. She graduated from the Department of Economy of the Patrice Lumumba Peoples Friendship University in Moscow in 1978 and she later obtained her PhD degree from the Faculty of Economics of Lomonosov Moscow State University. She was a member of the CPSU from 1984 to 1989, irina Khakamada was an elected Duma representative from 1993 to 2003. She is commonly regarded as a politician who is in a moderate opposition to the Russian government. She is known for criticizing the actions during Moscow theater hostage crisis where she was involved as one of the negotiators. Khakamada stated that the hostage takers were not going to use their bombs to kill the people and this opinion was supported by other negotiators including Anna Politkovskaya and by the subsequent events when the Chechens did not use their bombs. Khakamada was one of the leaders of the Union of Rightist Forces and she was not supported by her own party, because they regarded her as the only opponent of president Putin. After the election, Khakamada founded a party, Our Choice. She published book Gender in big-time politics describing her experience of work in Kremlin. On June 11,2006 Boris Berezovsky, fugitive from Russian justice system, said Boris Nemtsov received a word from Khakamada that Putin threatened her, former FSB officer Alexander Litvinenko said he had learned from Anna Politkovskaya that Putin asked Khakamada to pass a threat to Politkovskaya. Politkovskaya and Litvinenko were murdered in October and November 2006, respectively
2.
Leonid Kravchuk
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Leonid Makarovych Kravchuk is a former Ukrainian politician and the first President of Ukraine, who served from 5 December 1991, until his resignation on 19 July 1994. He is also a former Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada and Peoples Deputy of Ukraine serving in the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine faction. After a political crisis involving the President and the Prime Minister, Kravchuk resigned from the Presidency and he was defeated by his former Prime Minister, Leonid Kuchma, who served as President for two terms. He is currently retired from politics, Leonid Makarovych Kravchuk was born in 1934 in the village of Velykyi Zhytyn to a peasant family. At that time the village was located in Aleksandrija gmina, Rowno powiat in Poland, the village became part of Rivne Oblast in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic after the Soviet invasion in 1939 when Kravchuk was a child. His father served in the Polish cavalry in the 1930s, and later he, during World War II Kravchuks father perished on the front lines. Kravchuk married math teacher Antonina Mykhailivna Mishura in 1957, first Lady of the United States from 1989-93, Barbara Bush, described Antonina in her memoirs, She was the nicest young woman, a math teacher with absolutely no interest in politics. Kravchuk joined the Communist Party of Ukraine in 1958 and rose through the ranks of the party and of its agitprop department. He became a member of the Ukrainian Politburo in 1989, and on 23 July 1990 became Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR, after the 19–21 August 1991 Soviet coup attempt Kravchuk resigned from the Communist Party. After the Verkhovna Rada passed the Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine on 24 August, Kravchuk was vested with presidential powers, thus becoming both de facto and de jure head of state. Later that year, on 5 December 1991, voters elected him president in Ukraines first presidential election. On the same day, the voters voted overwhelmingly to secede from the Soviet Union, Leonid Kravchuks political creed is avoiding conflicts and straightforward declaration of his position. He is widely considered to be cunning, diplomatic, and cautious and he describes himself as a man who refuses to take an umbrella because he hopes to slip between the raindrops. Such diplomacy helped Kravchuk to retain and strengthen his power over Ukraine during the transition from Soviet rule to independence and he was third in command in Ukraines CPSU leadership before the fall of Soviet Union even though he didnt belong to the ruling Dnipropetrovsk group. He avoided inflexible positions towards democratic changes and was a figure for both party conservatives and reformists. Soon after his defeat in 1994, Kravchuk joined the powerful business and this group, led by oligarchs Viktor Medvedchuk and Hryhoriy Surkis, is formally organized as the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine. Despite its formal centrist/social-democratic slogans, the party is associated with big business, organized crime, corruption. In 2004, Surkis was banned from visiting the United States, the group also took a strongly pro-Russian and anti-Western stand
3.
Leonid Kuchma
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Leonid Danylovych Kuchma is a Ukrainian politician who was the second President of independent Ukraine from 19 July 1994 to 23 January 2005. Kuchma took office after winning the 1994 presidential election against his rival, Kuchma won re-election for an additional five-year term in 1999. His presidency was surrounded by numerous scandals and the lessening of media freedoms. Corruption accelerated after Kuchmas election in 1994, but in 2000–2001, on his watch the Ukrainian economy continued to decline until 1999, whereas growth was recorded since 2000, bringing relative prosperity to some segments of urban residents. During his presidency, Ukrainian-Russian ties began to improve, after a successful career in the machine-building industry of the Soviet Union, Kuchma began his political career in 1990, when he was elected to the Verkhovna Rada, he was re-elected in 1994. He served as Ukrainian Prime Minister between October 1992 and September 1993, since July 2014, Kuchma has been Ukraines representative at the semi-official peace talks regarding the ongoing War in Donbass. Leonid Kuchma was born in the village of Chaikine in rural Chernihiv Oblast and his father Danylo Prokopovych Kuchma was wounded in World War II and eventually died of his wounds in the field hospital #756 when Leonid was four. His mother Paraska Trokhymivna Kuchma worked at a kolhoz, Kuchma attended the Kostobobrove general education school in the neighboring Semenivka Raion. Later he enrolled in Dnipropetrovsk National University and graduated in 1960 with a degree in mechanical engineering, the same year he joined the Communist Party of Soviet Union. Kuchma is a candidate of technical sciences, after graduation, Kuchma worked in the field of aerospace engineering for the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau in Dnipropetrovsk. At 28 he became a director for the Bureau deployed at the Baikonur cosmodrome. At 38 Kuchma became the Communist party chief at Yuzhny Machine-building Plant and he was a delegate of the 27th and 28th Congresses of the Communist Party of Soviet Union. By the end of the 1980s, Kuchma openly criticized the Communist Party, in 1982 Kuchma was appointed the first deputy of general design engineer at Yuzhmash, and from 1986 to 1992, he held the position of the companys general director. From 1990 to 1992, Kuchma was a member of the Verkhovna Rada, in 1992 he was appointed as Prime Minister of Ukraine. He resigned a year later, complaining of slow pace of reform and he was re-elected into parliament in 1994. Kuchma won a victory against the incumbent President Leonid Kravchuk, receiving strong support from the industrial areas in the east. His worst results were in the west of the country, Kuchma was re-elected in 1999 to his second term. This time the areas that gave him strongest support last time voted for his opponents, during Kuchmas Presidency, he closed opposition papers and several journalists died in mysterious circumstances
4.
Sergey Mironov
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Sergey Mikhailovich Mironov is a Russian politician. He was Chairman of the Federation Council, the house of the Russian parliament. He leads the faction A Just Russia in the Parliament of Russia, in 1967 he joined the Komsomol. In the 1970s, Sergey Mironov served in the troops in the Soviet Army. In 1973 he was elected as deputy secretary committee of the Komsomol on ideological educational work at the Leningrad Mining Institute, after graduating from the Institute he worked as an engineer-geophysicist. After a brief time of working as an entrepreneur, he entered politics and, in June 2000, he was elected vice-Chairman of the St. Petersburg Legislative Assembly and, in 2001, entered the Federation Council of Russia as a representative of St. Petersburg. In December 2001, Sergey Mironov was elected to be a Speaker of the Federation Council, Sergey Mironov is from Saint Petersburg. Mironov was a candidate in the 2004 presidential election and he was not considered to be a serious candidate and was quoted as saying, We all want Vladimir Putin to be the next president. He polled less than one per cent of the vote, in October 2006, he became the leader of the new left-wing opposition party A Just Russia, which was formed by uniting Rodina, Mironovs Russian Party of Life, and the Russian Pensioners Party. This effectively makes him the leader of the opposition as the three together would be stronger than the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. Mironov has several proposed a amendment to the Russian constitution that would allow the President to be elected for 3 consecutive 5 or 7 year terms. In 2007, Boris Gryzlov, leader of the rival United Russia party, in the March 2012 presidential election, he received 3. 86% of the votes. In March 2014, Mironov was included in list of Russian government sanctioned individuals because of their direct or alleged indirect involvement in the 2014 Crimean crisis. On 25 July 2014, amidst an armed insurgency in Eastern Ukraine, third wife, Mironova Irina Yurievna - officer apparatus to the Interparliamentary Assembly of the CIS. They have a son and a daughter, Mironov has an official blog at sergey_mironov. This was confirmed as authorized by a statement on his official website, in 2008, President Vladimir Putin awarded Mironov the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 3rd degree. In 2011, after an initiative of United Russia in Saint Petersburg Legislative Assembly, Mironov was recalled from the Federation Council
