1.
7 July 2005 London bombings
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The explosions were caused by homemade organic peroxide-based devices packed into backpacks. The bombings were followed two weeks later by a series of attempted attacks that failed to cause injury or damage, the 7 July attacks occurred the day after London had won its bid to host the 2012 Olympic Games, which had highlighted the citys multicultural reputation. The train had left Kings Cross St. Pancras about eight minutes earlier, at the time of the explosion, the trains third car was approximately 100 yards along the tunnel from Liverpool Street. The parallel track of the Hammersmith & City line between Liverpool Street and Aldgate East was also damaged in the blast, the train had left Kings Cross St. Pancras about eight minutes previously. There were several other nearby at the time of the explosion. Two other trains were at Edgware Road, a train on platform 2. A third bomb was detonated on a 6-car London Underground 1973 Stock Piccadilly line deep-level Underground train, number 311, the device exploded approximately one minute after the service departed Kings Cross, by which time it had travelled about 500 yards. The explosion occurred at the rear of the first car of the train—number 166—causing severe damage to the rear of car as well as the front of the second one. The surrounding tunnel also sustained damage and it was originally thought that there had been six, rather than three, explosions on the Underground network. The bus bombing brought the total to seven, this was clarified later in the day. Police also revised the timings of the blasts, initial reports had indicated that they occurred during a period of almost half an hour. This was due to initial confusion at London Underground, where the explosions were believed to have been caused by power surges. An early report, made in the minutes after the explosions, involved a person under a train, while another described a derailment. A code amber alert was declared by LU at 09,19, as the tunnel contains two parallel tracks, it is relatively wide. The two explosions on the Circle line were able to vent their force into the tunnel. The Piccadilly line is a tunnel, up to 30 m below the surface and with narrow single-track tubes. This confined space reflected the blast force, concentrating its effect, earlier, the bus had passed through the Kings Cross area as it travelled from Hackney Wick to Marble Arch. At its final destination, the bus turned around and started the route to Hackney Wick
2.
2005 Cronulla riots
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The riots stemmed from tensions between youths from Sydneys Lebanese and white populations. A crowd gathered at Cronulla on the morning of Sunday,11 December, the gathering began peacefully, but later in the afternoon a man of Middle Eastern appearance was surrounded outside a local hotel and attacked by members of the crowd. Several similar attacks took place later in the day, followed by attacks that night and on subsequent nights. Violence spread to other suburbs of Sydney, where more assaults occurred. The riots were condemned by local, state and federal members of parliament, police, local community leaders. A large number of arrests were made over the subsequent months, travel warnings for Australia were issued by some countries but were later removed. On 4 December 2005, a fight out between a group of volunteer surf lifesavers and youths of Middle Eastern descent. These incidents were widely commented on in the Sydney media and are considered to be a key factor in a racially motivated confrontation the following weekend, New South Wales Police had been recording racial and ethnic tensions and incidents in and around Cronulla since October 2005. There is also a history of conflict between Cronulla locals and those visiting from the Western suburbs with bashings common since the 1960s as part of a war between Westies and local surfies. Several of the youths who were arrested that day for assaulting police officers were draped in the Australian flag at the time. A verbal exchange had taken place after three lifesavers approached a group of four young Lebanese men on Cronulla Beach with both accusing the other of staring at them. The verbal exchange escalated with one Lebanese youth attempting to defuse the situation, another then threw a punch, missing, prompting a pushing match that escalated into a fight. One of the lifesavers was badly hurt after falling and striking his head, despite media reports to the contrary, no Middle Eastern men converged on the area and there were no more than the original eight present. The events were reported widely across the Sydney media, particularly on talkback radio, by Thursday, Jones had stirred significant discussion, and stated Im the person thats led this charge here. Nobody wanted to know about North Cronulla, now its gathered to this, Police were concerned about the repercussions of these events. Later investigations revealed that over 270,000 individual text messages were transmitted inciting a racially motivated confrontation at North Cronulla Beach the following Saturday, over the course of Sunday,11 December 2005, approximately 5,000 people gathered in and around North Cronulla Beach. Early in the morning, people began to gather and impromptu barbecues, however, at 12,59, a young man of Middle Eastern appearance was spotted on the beach and the crowds began chanting stuff yelling out things before rushing him. The man attempted to avoid the crowd by quickly entering Northies, a local pub, the police, having been in Cronulla since the early morning, quickly intervened and resolved the situation
3.
Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
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These violations included physical and sexual abuse, torture, rape, sodomy, and murder. The abuses came to public attention with the publication of photographs of the abuse by CBS News in April 2004. The incidents received widespread condemnation both within the United States and abroad, although the soldiers received support from conservative media within the United States. The administration of George W. Bush attempted to portray the abuses as isolated incidents and this was contradicted by humanitarian organizations such as the Red Cross, Amnesty International, and Human Rights Watch. Several scholars stated that the abuses constituted state-sanctioned crimes, the United States Department of Defense removed seventeen soldiers and officers from duty, and eleven soldiers were charged with dereliction of duty, maltreatment, aggravated assault and battery. Between May 2004 and March 2006, these soldiers were convicted in courts-martial, sentenced to military prison, two soldiers, Specialist Charles Graner and PFC Lynndie England, were sentenced to ten and three years in prison, respectively. Brigadier General Janis Karpinski, the officer of all detention facilities in Iraq, was reprimanded and demoted to the rank of colonel. Several more military personnel who were accused of perpetrating or authorizing the measures, documents popularly known as the Torture Memos came to light a few years later. The memoranda also argued that international humanitarian laws, such as the Geneva Conventions, several subsequent U. S. Supreme Court decisions, including Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, have overturned Bush administration policy, and ruled that Geneva Conventions apply. The September 11 Attacks in the United States led to demands from the public that US president George Bush take actions that would prevent further attacks and this pressure led to the launch of the War on Terror. In addition, these tactics created the perception that the techniques used in the cold war would not be of much use. US vice-president Dick Cheney stated, for example, that the US to work sort of on the side. The Iraq War began in March 2003 as an invasion of Baathist Iraq by a led by the United States. The Baathist government led by Saddam Hussein was toppled within a month and this conflict was followed by a longer phase of fighting in which an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government. During this insurgency, the United States was in the role of an occupying power, the Abu Ghraib prison in the town of Abu Ghraib was one of the most notorious prisons in Iraq during the government of Saddam Hussein. The prison was used to hold approximately 50,000 men and women in poor conditions, the prison was located on 280 acres of land 32 kilometers west of Baghdad. After the collapse of Saddam Husseins government, the prison was looted, following the invasion, the U. S. army refurbished it and turned it into a military prison. It was the largest of several centers in Iraq used by the U. S. military
4.
Abu Musab al-Zarqawi
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Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, born Ahmad Fadeel al-Nazal al-Khalayleh, was a militant Islamist from Jordan who ran a paramilitary training camp in Afghanistan. He was sometimes known as Shaykh of the slaughterers and he formed al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in the 1990s, and led it until his death in June 2006. Zarqawi took responsibility, on audio and video recordings, for numerous acts of violence in Iraq including suicide bombings. Zarqawi opposed the presence of U. S. and Western military forces in the Islamic world, in late 2004 he joined al-Qaeda, and pledged allegiance to Osama bin Laden. In September 2005, he declared war on Shiites in Iraq. He dispatched numerous suicide bombers throughout Iraq to attack American soldiers and he is also thought to be responsible for the 2005 bombing of three hotels in Amman, Jordan. One United States Air Force F-16C jet dropped two 500-pound guided bombs on the safehouse, Ahmad Fadeel al-Nazal al-Khalayleh, is believed to have been al-Zarqawis real name. Abu Musab literally translates to Musabs father, born in the name Ahmed al-Khalayleh to an impoverished Palestinian-Jordanian family in 1966 and he was raised in Zarqa, an industrial town located 17 miles north of Amman. Zarqawi is reported as having been a school dropout and a petty criminal in his youth, including, allegedly. In the late 1980s, Zarqawi went to Afghanistan to join the Mujahideen who were fighting the invading Soviet troops, arriving there in 1989, the Soviets were already leaving. Instead of fighting, he became a reporter for an Islamist newsletter and he returned to Jordan, and sometime in 1989–1992 he helped start the local militant group Jund al-Sham. He was arrested in Jordan after guns and explosives were found in his home, in prison, he attempted to draft his cell mates into joining him to overthrow the rulers of Jordan, a former prison mate told Time magazine in 2004. According to Jordanian officials and acquaintances, Zarqawi developed a reputation as a cellblock enforcer, in 1999, Zarqawi was released from prison in a general amnesty by Jordans King Abdullah. Within months after his release, according to Jordanian officials, Zarqawi tried to resurrect his Jund al-Sham, then, also according to Jordanian officials, he was involved in the millennium plot—a bid to bomb the Radisson SAS Hotel in Amman before New Years Day 2000. The plot was discovered, and Zarqawi fled to Pakistan and he asked them for assistance and money to set up his own training camp in Herat. With some small seed money of $200,000 from Osama bin Laden, globalSecurity. org called it a camp near Herat, reportedly specialised in manufacturing poisons. In early September 2001, Zarqawi was in Iran around the time of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the USA. He fled to Iran in December 2001 or January 5,2002, the U. S. government contended that Zarqawi received medical treatment in Baghdad, Iraq, from March until May 2002
5.
Action potential
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In physiology, an action potential is a short-lasting event in which the electrical membrane potential of a cell rapidly rises and falls, following a consistent trajectory. Action potentials occur in several types of cells, called excitable cells, which include neurons, muscle cells. In other types of cells, their function is to activate intracellular processes. In muscle cells, for example, a potential is the first step in the chain of events leading to contraction. In beta cells of the pancreas, they provoke release of insulin, action potentials in neurons are also known as nerve impulses or spikes, and the temporal sequence of action potentials generated by a neuron is called its spike train. A neuron that emits an action potential is often said to fire, action potentials are generated by special types of voltage-gated ion channels embedded in a cells plasma membrane. When the channels open they allow a flow of sodium ions, which changes the electrochemical gradient. This then causes more channels to open, producing an electric current across the cell membrane. The process proceeds explosively until all of the ion channels are open. The rapid influx of ions causes the polarity of the plasma membrane to reverse. As the sodium channels close, sodium ions can no longer enter the neuron, potassium channels are then activated, and there is an outward current of potassium ions, returning the electrochemical gradient to the resting state. After an action potential has occurred, there is a transient negative shift, in animal cells, there are two primary types of action potentials. One type is generated by voltage-gated sodium channels, the other by voltage-gated calcium channels, sodium-based action potentials usually last for under one millisecond, whereas calcium-based action potentials may last for 100 milliseconds or longer. In some types of neurons, slow calcium spikes provide the force for a long burst of rapidly emitted sodium spikes. In cardiac muscle cells, on the hand, an initial fast sodium spike provides a primer to provoke the rapid onset of a calcium spike. Nearly all cell membranes in animals, plants and fungi maintain a voltage difference between the exterior and interior of the cell, called the membrane potential. A typical voltage across a cell membrane is –70 mV. In most types of cells the membrane potential usually stays fairly constant, some types of cells, however, are electrically active in the sense that their voltages fluctuate over time
6.
Adriana Lima
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Lima is currently ranked by Models. com as one of the New Supers in the fashion industry. Since 2014, Lima has been the worlds second highest-paid model, in 2012, she came in 4th on the Forbes top-earning models list, estimated to have earned $7.3 million in one year. In 2013, she came in 3rd place and in 2014 she came in 2nd place with earnings of $8 million, in 2015, she came in 2nd place with earnings of $9 million. In 2016, she kept the 2nd place with earnings of $10.5 million, Lima is the current brand ambassador for the Barcelona-based clothing brand Desigual, and for the Beachwear collection of Italian brand Calzedonia. Lima was born in June 12,1981 in Salvador, Brazil, the surname Lima is of Portuguese origin. Many sources state that Francesca is her name, but Lima herself denied this in an interview to W Radio Colombia in 2010. Her parents are Nelson Torres and Maria das Graças Lima, a social worker and her father left the family when she was six months old, and Lima was raised only by her mother. About her ethnicity, Lima identifies herself as Afro-Brazilian and stated that she is of Indigenous, Swiss, African, Japanese, Lima speaks four languages, her native Portuguese, English, Italian and Spanish. Lima never thought about being a model, although she had won many beauty pageants in elementary school, however, a friend at school who wanted to enter a modeling contest and did not want to enter alone, so Lima entered with her. Both sent in pictures, and the contest sponsor soon asked Lima to come out for the competition, soon after, at the age of 15, she entered and finished in first place in Fords Supermodel of Brazil model search. She subsequently entered the 1996 Ford Models Supermodel of the World contest, three years later, Lima moved to New York City and signed with Elite Model Management. After acquiring representation, Limas modeling portfolio quickly began to expand and her first magazine cover was Marie Claire Brazil in September 1998. Her first Vogue cover was the Italian Vogue Gioiello in September 2000, as a runway model, she has walked the catwalk for designers such as Rosa Cha, Blue man, Fashions Night Out, Caio Gobbi, Fause Haten, M. Lima became a GUESS. Girl in 2000, appearing in that years fall ad campaign and she also appeared in the book A Second Decade of Guess. Lima has also worked for notable fashion brands bebe, Armani, Versace, De Beers, Elie Saab, Colcci, Schiaparelli, Prada, Intimissimi, GUESS. Loewe, H&M, Bulgari, Miu Miu, Donna Karan, Emporio Armani, Givenchy, Keds, Mossimo, Jason Wu, Balmain, Blumarine, Marc Jacobs, Maybelline, BCBG and her April 2006 GQ cover was the highest-selling issue of that magazine for the year. It was also one of the all-time best selling issues of the publication, the magazine named her The Worlds Most Voluptuous Virgin. In 2006, Lima ranked as the fifth highest paid supermodel, in 2007 and 2008, she ranked as the worlds fourth highest paid supermodel by Forbes Magazine
7.
Al Jolson
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Al Jolson was an American singer, film actor, and comedian. At the peak of his career, he was dubbed The Worlds Greatest Entertainer and his performing style was brash and extroverted, and he popularized a large number of songs that benefited from his shamelessly sentimental, melodramatic approach. Numerous well-known singers were influenced by his music, including Bing Crosby, David Bowie, Bob Dylan, Rod Stewart, Dylan once referred to him as somebody whose life I can feel. Broadway critic Gilbert Seldes compared him to the Greek god Pan, claiming that Jolson represented the concentration of our national health, in the 1930s, Jolson was Americas most famous and highest-paid entertainer. Between 1911 and 1928, Jolson had nine sell-out Winter Garden shows in a row, more than 80 hit records, and 16 national and international tours. Although he is best remembered today as the star of the first talking picture, The Jazz Singer, after the attack on Pearl Harbor, he was the first star to entertain troops overseas during World War II. After a period of inactivity, his stardom returned with The Jolson Story, for which Larry Parks played Jolson, the formula was repeated in a sequel, Jolson Sings Again. In 1950, he became the first star to entertain GIs on active service in the Korean War. He died just weeks after returning to the U. S. partly owing to the exertion of performing. Defense Secretary George Marshall posthumously awarded him the Medal of Merit, According to the St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture, Jolson was to jazz, blues, and ragtime what Elvis Presley was to rock n roll. Being the first popular singer to make a spectacular event out of singing a song and his specialty was performing on stage runways extending out into the audience. According to music historian Larry Stempel, No one had heard anything quite like it before on Broadway, author Stephen Banfield agreed, writing that Jolsons style was arguably the single most important factor in defining the modern musical. Jolson also enjoyed performing in blackface makeup, a convention since the mid-19th century. With his unique and dynamic style of singing black music, such as jazz and blues, as early as 1911, he became known for fighting against black discrimination on Broadway. Al Jolson was born as Asa Yoelson in the Jewish village of Srednik now known as Seredžius, near Kaunas in Lithuania, then part of the Russian Empire. He was the fifth and youngest child of Moses Rubin Yoelson and Nechama Naomi Cantor, his four siblings were Rose, Etta, another sister who died in infancy, and Hirsch. Jolson claimed not to know when he was born, and later chose to claim he was born on May 26,1886. His one-time sister-in-law, Margaret Weatherwax, claimed Jolson was the age as their father, Ralph
8.
Alderney
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Alderney is the northernmost of the inhabited Channel Islands. It is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, a British Crown dependency and it is 3 miles long and 1 1⁄2 miles wide. The area is 3 square miles, making it the third-largest island of the Channel Islands, and the second largest in the Bailiwick. It is around 10 miles from the west of La Hague on the Cotentin Peninsula, Normandy and it is the closest of the Channel Islands to both France and the United Kingdom. It is separated from Cap de la Hague by the dangerous Alderney Race, as of April 2013, the island had a population of 1,903, natives are traditionally nicknamed vaques after the cows, or else lapins after the many rabbits seen in the island. Formally, they are known as Ridunians, from the Latin Riduna, the only parish of Alderney is the parish of St Anne, which covers the whole island. The main town, St Anne, historically known as La Ville, is referred to as St Annes by visitors and incomers. The towns High St, which formerly had a handful of shops, is now almost entirely residential, crossing Victoria St at its highest point. The town area features a church and an unevenly cobbled main street. There are a school, a secondary school, a post office. Other settlements include Braye, Crabby, Longis, Mannez, La Banquage, Alderney shares its prehistory with the other islands in the Bailiwick of Guernsey, becoming an island in the Neolithic period as the waters of the Channel rose. A cist survives near Fort Tourgis, and Longis Common has remains of an Iron Age site, there are traces of Roman occupation including a fort, built in the late 300s, at 49°43′09″N 2°10′36″W above the islands only natural harbour. The etymology of the name is obscure. It is known in Latin as Riduna but as with the names of all the Channel Islands in the Roman period there is a degree of confusion, Riduna may be the original name of Tatihou, while Alderney is conjectured to be identified with Sarnia. Alderney/Aurigny is variously supposed to be a Germanic or Celtic name and it may be a corruption of Adreni or Alrene, which is probably derived from an Old Norse word meaning island near the coast. Alternatively it may derive from three Norse elements, alda, renna and öy or -ey, Alderney may be mentioned in Paul the Deacons Historia Langobardorum as Evodia in which he discussed a certain dangerous whirlpool. The name Evodia may in turn originate from the seven Haemodae of uncertain identification in Plinys Natural History, puffins on Burhou and gannets on Les Étacs just off Alderney are a favourite of many visitors to the island. About a quarter of Alderney hedgehogs are of the white or blonde variety and these are not albinos, but descent of rarely met blonde European hedgehogs, with a blonde pair released on the island in the 1960s
9.
Alger Hiss
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Alger Hiss was an American government official who was accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950. Before he was tried and convicted, he was involved in the establishment of the United Nations both as a U. S. State Department official and as a U. N. official, in later life he worked as a lecturer and author. On August 3,1948, Whittaker Chambers, a former U. S, Communist Party member, testified under subpoena before the House Un-American Activities Committee that Hiss had secretly been a Communist, though not a spy, while in federal service. Called before HUAC, Hiss categorically denied the charge, when Chambers repeated his claim on nationwide radio, Hiss filed a defamation lawsuit against him. During the pretrial process, Chambers produced new evidence indicating that he and Hiss had been involved in espionage. A federal grand jury indicted Hiss on two counts of perjury, Chambers admitted to the offense but, as a cooperating government witness, was never charged. Although Hisss indictment stemmed from the espionage, he could not be tried for that crime because the statute of limitations had expired. After a mistrial due to a jury, Hiss was tried a second time. In January 1950, he was guilty on both counts of perjury and received two concurrent five-year sentences, of which he eventually served three and a half years. Hiss maintained his innocence until his death, arguments about the case and the validity of the verdict took center stage in broader debates about the Cold War, McCarthyism, and the extent of Soviet espionage in the United States. Since Hisss conviction, statements by involved parties and newly exposed evidence have added to the dispute, author Anthony Summers argued that since many relevant files continue to be unavailable, the Hiss controversy will continue to be debated. In 2001, James Barron, a reporter for The New York Times, identified what he called a growing consensus that Hiss. Alger Hiss was one of five born in Baltimore, Maryland, to Mary Minnie Lavinia. Both parents came from substantial Baltimore families who could trace their roots to the middle of the eighteenth century, Hisss paternal great-great grandfather had emigrated from Germany in 1729, married well, and changed his surname from Hesse to Hiss. Minnie Hughes had attended college and was active in Baltimore society. Shortly after his marriage at age 24, Charles Hiss entered the world and joined the dry goods importing firm of Daniel Miller. He did well, becoming an executive and stockholder, when Charless brother John died suddenly at age 33, Charles assumed financial and emotional responsibility for his brothers widow and six children in addition to his own expanding family. Charles also helped his wifes brother, Albert Hughes, find work at Daniel Miller
10.
Alicante
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It is also a historic Mediterranean port. The population of the city of Alicante proper was 328,648, estimated as of 2015, including nearby municipalities, the Alicante conurbation had 452,462 residents. The population of the area was 757,085 as of 2014 estimates. The name of the city echoes the Arabic name Laqant or Al-Laqant, the area around Alicante has been inhabited for over 7000 years. The first tribes of hunter-gatherers moved down gradually from Central Europe between 5000 and 3000 BC, some of the earliest settlements were made on the slopes of Mount Benacantil. The town of Leuce Akra was then founded by Greek settlers from Marseille around 325/324 b. C, by the 3rd century BC, the rival armies of Carthage and Rome began to invade and fight for control of the Iberian Peninsula. The Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca established the settlement of Akra Leuka. Although the Carthaginians conquered much of the land around Alicante, the Romans would eventually rule Hispania Tarraconensis for over 700 years. By the 5th century AD, Rome was in decline and the Roman predecessor town of Alicante, however neither the Romans nor the Goths put up much resistance to the Arab conquest of Medina Laqant in the 8th century. The Moors ruled southern and eastern Spain until the 13th century Reconquista, Alicante was finally taken in 1246 by the Castilian king Alfonso X, but it passed soon and definitively to the Kingdom of Valencia in 1298 with King James II of Aragon. It gained the status of Royal Village with representation in the medieval Valencian Parliament and this act cost the region dearly, with so many skilled artisans and agricultural labourers gone, the feudal nobility found itself sliding into bankruptcy. The end of the 19th century witnessed a sharp recovery of the economy with increasing international trade. During the early 20th century, Alicante was a capital that enjoyed the benefit of Spains neutrality during World War I. The Rif War in the 1920s saw numerous alicantinos drafted to fight in the long, the political unrest of the late 1920s led to the victory of Republican candidates in local council elections throughout the country, and the abdication of King Alfonso XIII. The proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic was much celebrated in the city on 14 April 1931, the Spanish Civil War broke out on 17 July 1936. The late 1950s and early 1960s saw the onset of a transformation of the city by the tourist industry. New construction benefited the economy, as the development of the tourism sector also spawned new businesses such as restaurants, bars. When Franco died in 1975, his successor Juan Carlos I played his part as the symbol of the transition of Spain to a democratic constitutional monarchy
11.
All Souls' Day
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In Christianity, All Souls Day commemorates All Souls, the Holy Souls, or the Faithful Departed, that is, the souls of Christians who have died. Observing Christians typically remember deceased relatives on the day, in Western Christianity the annual celebration is now held on 2 November and is associated with the three days of Allhallowtide, including All Saints Day and its vigil, Halloween. In the liturgical books of the western Catholic Church it is called the Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed, and is celebrated annually on 2 November. In the ordinary form and Divine Worship form of the Roman Rite, it remains on 2 November if this date falls on a Sunday, in the extraordinary form, on this day in particular, Catholics pray for the dead. In the Eastern Orthodox Church and the associated Eastern Catholic Churches, beliefs and practices associated with All Souls Day vary widely among Christian churches and denominations. Among Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholics, there are several All Souls Days during the year, most of these fall on Saturday, since Jesus lay in the Tomb on Holy Saturday. John the Baptist—23 September In Slavic and Greek Churches, all of the Lenten Soul Saturdays are typically observed, in some of the Churches of the Eastern Mediterranean, Meatfare Saturday, Radonitsa and the Saturday before Pentecost are typically observed. East Syriac churches including the Syro Malabar Church and Chaldean Catholic Church commemorates the feast of departed faithful on the last Friday of Epiphany, the season of Epiphany remembers the revelation of Christ to the world. And on each Fridays of season of Epiphany the church remembers some important figures in the evangelism, apart from this In Syro Malabar Church Friday before the parish festival is also celebrated as feast of departed faithful. Here the parish remembers the activities of forefathers who worked for the parish and they also request the intercession of all departed for the faithful celebration of parish festival. In east Syriac liturgy the church remembers departed souls including saints on every Fridays throughout the year since the Christ was crucified and died on Friday, prayer for the dead is a documented practice in Judaism and Christianity. Other dates chosen were Epiphany and the anniversary of the death of some well-known saint, by about 980,1 October was an established date in Germany. The 11th century saw the introduction of a commemoration in diocesan calendars. In Milan the date was 16 October until changed in the half of the 16th century to 2 November. This date, the day after All Saints Day, was that which Saint Odilo of Cluny chose in the 11th century for all the dependent on the Abbey of Cluny. From these the 2 November custom spread to other Benedictine monasteries, the official name of the celebration in the Roman Rite liturgy is The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed. In some countries the celebration is known as the Day of the Dead, in the Roman Rite as revised in 1969, if 2 November falls on a Sunday, the Mass is of All Souls, but the Liturgy of the Hours is that of the Sunday. However, public celebration of Lauds and Vespers of the Dead with the people participating is permitted, a Sunday celebration of All Souls Day is not anticipated on Saturday evening, as are a Sunday Mass and that of a solemnity or feast of the Lord that replaces a Sunday
12.
Altrincham
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At the 2001 UK census, it had a population of 41,000 increasing to 52,419 at the 2011 census. Further socioeconomic development came with the extension of the Bridgewater Canal to Altrincham in 1765, Altrincham today is an affluent commuter town, partly because of its transport links. The town has a middle class presence, there has been a steady increase in Altrinchams middle classes since the 19th century. It is also home to Altrincham F. C. and three ice hockey clubs, Manchester Storm, Altrincham Aces and Trafford Tornados, Altrinchams population increased to 45,809 in 2011. Local evidence of human activity exists in the form of two Neolithic arrowheads found in Altrincham, and further afield, a concentration of artefacts around Dunham. The remains of a Roman road, part of one of the major Roman roads in North West England connecting the fortresses of Chester and York. As it shows signs of having been repaired, the road was in use for a period of time. The name Altrincham first appears as Aldringeham, probably meaning homestead of Aldheres people, as recently as the 19th century it was spelt both Altrincham and Altringham. The earliest documented reference to the town is from 1290, when it was granted its charter as a Free Borough by Baron Hamon de Massey V. The charter allowed a market to be held, and it is possible that de Massey established the town to generate income through taxes on trade. This suggests that Altrincham may have been a market town, unusual during the Middle Ages. Altrincham was probably chosen as the site of the town rather than Dunham – which would have been protected by Dunham Castle – because its good access to roads was important for trade. Altrincham Fair became St Jamess Fair or Samjam in 1319 and continued until 1895, Fair days had their own court of Pye Powder, presided over by the mayor and held to settle disputes arising from the days dealings. The earliest known residence in Altrincham was the Knoll, on Stamford Street near the centre of the medieval town, during the English Civil War, men from Altrincham fought for the Parliamentarian Sir George Booth. During the war, armies camped on nearby Bowdon Downs on several occasions, in 1754, a stretch of road south of Altrincham, along the Manchester to Chester route, was turnpiked. Turnpikes were toll roads which taxed passengers for the maintenance of the road, further sections were turnpiked in 1765 from Timperley to Sale, and 1821 from Altrincham to Stockport. The maintenance of roads passed to local authorities in 1888, although by then most turnpike trusts had already declined, the connection of the Bridgewater Canal to Altrincham in 1765 stimulated the development of market gardening, and for many years Altrincham was noted for its vegetables. By 1767, warehouses had been alongside the canal at Broadheath, the first step in the development of Broadheath as an industrial area
