Economy of Tunisia

Economy of Tunisia

Compagnie des phosphates de Gafsa Headquarters
Currency	Tunisian dinar (TND)
Fiscal year	calendar year
Trade organisations	AU, AfCFTA (signed), WTO, COMESA, CEN-SAD, AMU
Statistics
GDP	$39.911 billion (nominal, 2018 est.)[1] $144.244 billion (PPP, 2018 est.)[1]
GDP rank	93rd (nominal, 2018) 77th (PPP, 2018)
GDP growth	2.0% (2017) 2.5% (2018e) 2.7% (2019f) 3.2% (2020f)[2]
GDP per capita	$3,423 (nominal, 2018 est.)[1] $12,371 (PPP, 2018 est.)[1]
GDP per capita rank	121st (nominal, 2018) 97th (PPP, 2018)
GDP by sector	agriculture: 10.1% industry: 26.2% services: 63.8% (2017 est.)[3]
Inflation (CPI)	7.308% (2018 est.)[1]
Population below poverty line	15.5% (2010)[4]
Gini coefficient	32.8 medium (2015)[5]
Human Development Index	0.735 high (2017) (95th)
Labour force	4.054 million (2017 est.)[3]
Labour force by occupation	agriculture: 14.8% industry: 33.2% services: 51.7% (2014 est.)[3]
Unemployment	15.5% (2017 est.)[3]
Average net salary	$275 monthly (2017)[6]
Main industries	petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate, iron ore), tourism, textiles, footwear, agribusiness, beverages
Ease-of-doing-business rank	80th (2019)[7]
External
Exports	$13.82 billion (2017 est.)[3]
Export goods	clothing, semi-finished goods and textiles, agricultural products, mechanical goods, phosphates and chemicals, hydrocarbons, electrical equipment
Main export partners	France 32.1%  Italy 17.3%  Germany 12.4% (2017)[3]
Imports	$19.09 billion (2017 est.)[3]
Import goods	textiles, machinery and equipment, hydrocarbons, chemicals, foodstuffs
Main import partners	Italy 15.8%  France 15.1%  China 9.2%  Germany 8.1%  Turkey 4.8%  Algeria 4.7%  Spain 4.5% (2017)[3]
FDI stock	$37.95 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[3] Abroad: $285 million (31 December 2017 est.)[3]
Current account	-$4.191 billion (2017 est.)[3]
Gross external debt	$30.19 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[3]
Public finances
Public debt	70.3% of GDP (2017 est.)[3]
Budget balance	-5.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)[3]
Revenues	9.876 billion (2017 est.)[3]
Expenses	12.21 billion (2017 est.)[3]
Credit rating	Standard & Poor's:[8] BBB (Domestic) BBB- (Foreign) BBB (T&C Assessment) Outlook: Negative[9] Moody's:[9] Baa3 Outlook: Negative Fitch:[9] BBB Outlook: Negative
Foreign reserves	$5.594 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[3]
Main data source: CIA World Fact Book All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

Tunisia is in the process of economic reform and liberalization after decades of heavy state direction and participation in the economy. Prudent economic and fiscal planning have resulted in moderate but sustained growth for over a decade. Tunisia's economic growth historically has depended on oil, phosphates, agri-food products, car parts manufacturing, and tourism. In the World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Report for 2015-2016, Tunisia ranks in 92nd place.^[10] Based on HDI latest report (for 2014), Tunisia ranks 96th globally and 5th in Africa.

The year 2015 was marked by terrorist attacks in Tunisia which are likely to affect economic growth, especially in tourism, one of the main sectors.^[11]

Historical trend[edit]

GDP per capita soared by more than 380% in the seventies (1970–1980: USD 280–1,369). But this proved unsustainable and it collapsed to a cumulative 10% growth in the turbulent eighties (1980–1990: USD 1,369–1,507), rising again to almost 50% cumulative growth in the nineties (1990–2000: USD 1,507–2,245), signifying the impact of successful diversification.^[12]

Olive grove in Sfax, Tunisia

Growing foreign debt and the foreign exchange crisis in the mid-1980s led the government to launch a structural adjustment program to liberalize prices, reduce tariffs, and reorient Tunisia toward a market economy in 1986. Tunisia's economic reform program was lauded as a model by international financial institutions. The government liberalized prices, reduced tariffs, lowered debt-service-to-exports and debt-to-GDP ratios, and extended the average maturity of its $10 billion foreign debt. Structural adjustment brought additional lending from the World Bank and other Western creditors. In 1990, Tunisia acceded to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and is a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO).

In 1996 Tunisia entered into an "Association Agreement" with the European Union (EU) which removed tariff and other trade barriers on most goods by 2008. In conjunction with the Association Agreement, the EU is assisting the Tunisian government's Mise A Niveau (upgrading) program to enhance the productivity of Tunisian businesses and prepare for competition in the global marketplace.

The government totally or partially privatized around 160 state-owned enterprises after the privatization program was launched in 1987. Although the program is supported by the GATT, the government had to move carefully to avoid mass firings. Unemployment continued to plague Tunisia's economy and was aggravated by a rapidly growing work force. An estimated 55% of the population is under the age of 25. Officially, 15.2% of the Tunisian work force is unemployed.

In 2011, after the Arab Spring, the economy slumped but then recovered with 2.81% GDP growth in 2014. However, unemployment is still one of the major issues with 15.2% of the labor force unemployed as of the first quarter of 2014. Tunisia’s political transition gained new momentum in early 2014, with the resolution of a political deadlock, the adoption of a new Constitution and the appointment of a new government. The national dialogue platform, brokered by key civil society organizations, played a crucial role in gathering all major political parties. This consensus will allow for further reform in the economy and public sector.

In 2015, the Bardo National Museum attack led to the collapse of the third largest sector of Tunisia's economy,^[13] tourism. Tunisian tourist workers in Tunis have said that "tourism is dead, it is completely dead" expressing the severe drop in tourism after the attack.^[14]

The number of ragpickers is increasing due to the continuing high level of unemployment (15% of the working population), the loss of purchasing power of the most disadvantaged families, and the explosion of plastic waste due to new consumption habits. They do not benefit from any social protection - medical coverage, retirement... - granted to professions with a legal status and may be subject to the exploitation of the recycling industry^[15]

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2017. Inflation under 5 % is in green.^[16]

Year	GDP (in Bil. US$ PPP)	GDP per capita (in US$ PPP)	GDP growth (real)	Inflation rate (in Percent)	Unemployment (in Percent)	Government debt (in % of GDP)
1980	13.6	2,127	7.4 %	10.1 %	n/a	n/a
1981	15.8	2,387	5.5 %	8.9 %	n/a	n/a
1982	16.6	2,463	−0.5 %	13.7 %	n/a	n/a
1983	18.0	2,618	4.7 %	9.0 %	n/a	n/a
1984	19.7	2,833	5.7 %	8.6 %	n/a	n/a
1985	21.5	2,991	5.7 %	7.6 %	n/a	n/a
1986	21.6	2,894	−1.5 %	6.2 %	n/a	n/a
1987	23.7	3,101	6.7 %	8.2 %	n/a	n/a
1988	24.5	3,158	0.1 %	7.2 %	n/a	n/a
1989	26.1	3,306	2.6 %	7.7 %	n/a	n/a
1990	29.0	3,560	7.1 %	6.5 %	16.2 %	n/a
1991	31.2	3,756	4.1 %	7.7 %	16.2 %	66.4 %
1992	34.5	4,065	8.0 %	5.5 %	16.2 %	65.2 %
1993	36.2	4,224	2.5 %	4.0 %	16.3 %	66.9 %
1994	38.3	4,362	3.6 %	5.4 %	16.3 %	67.0 %
1995	40.2	4,484	2.7 %	6.2 %	16.2 %	68.8 %
1996	43.7	4,808	6.9 %	3.7 %	16.1 %	70.1 %
1997	47.0	5,100	5.7 %	3.6 %	15.9 %	69.9 %
1998	49.9	5,342	5.0 %	3.1 %	16.1 %	61.0 %
1999	53.7	5,676	6.0 %	2.8 %	16.0 %	65.0 %
2000	57.3	5,993	4.3 %	2.8 %	15.7 %	65.9 %
2001	61.4	6,362	4.9 %	1.9 %	15.1 %	54.7 %
2002	63.4	6,503	1.7 %	1.9 %	15.3 %	54.2 %
2003	68.2	6,931	5.5 %	2.1 %	14.5 %	55.1 %
2004	74.3	7,476	6.0 %	2.5 %	14.2 %	54.1 %
2005	79.7	7,947	4.0 %	2.4 %	12.8 %	52.4 %
2006	86.8	8,570	5.7 %	3.2 %	12.5 %	47.8 %
2007	94.7	9,260	6.3 %	3.0 %	12.4 %	44.8 %
2008	100.8	9,763	4.5 %	4.3 %	12.4 %	42.0 %
2009	104.8	10,036	3.1 %	3.7 %	13.3 %	40.5 %
2010	108.8	10,315	2.6 %	3.3 %	13.0 %	39.2 %
2011	108.9	10,204	−1.9 %	3.5 %	18.9 %	43.1 %
2012	115.2	10,694	3.9 %	5.1 %	16.7 %	47.7 %
2013	120.0	11,020	2.4 %	5.8 %	15.3 %	46.8 %
2014	124.9	11,355	2.3 %	4.9 %	15.3 %	51.6 %
2015	127.6	11,487	1.1 %	4.9 %	15.4 %	54.8 %
2016	130.5	11,448	1.0 %	3.7 %	15.5 %	61.2 %
2017	135.4	11,755	1.9 %	5.3 %	15.3 %	71.3 %

External trade and investment[edit]

Tunisian exports in 2006

In 1992, Tunisia re-entered the private international capital market for the first time in 6 years, securing a $10-million line of credit for balance-of-payments support. In January 2003 Standard & Poor's affirmed its investment grade credit ratings for Tunisia. The World Economic Forum 2002-03 ranked Tunisia 34th in the Global Competitiveness Index Ratings (two places behind South Africa, the continent's leader). In April 2002, Tunisia's first US dollar-denominated sovereign bond issue since 1997 raised $458 million, with maturity in 2012.

The Bourse de Tunis is under the control of the state-run Financial Market Council and lists over 50 companies. The government offers substantial tax incentives to encourage companies to join the exchange, and expansion is occurring.

The Tunisian government adopted a unified investment code in 1993 to attract foreign capital. More than 1,600 export-oriented joint venture firms operate in Tunisia to take advantage of relatively low labor costs and preferential access to nearby European markets. Economic links are closest with European countries, which dominate Tunisia's trade. Tunisia's currency, the dinar, is not traded outside Tunisia. However, partial convertibility exists for bona fide commercial and investment transaction. Certain restrictions still limit operations carried out by Tunisian residents.

The stock market capitalisation of listed companies in Tunisia was valued at $5.3 Billion in 2007, 15% of 2007 GDP, by the World Bank.^[17]

For 2007, foreign direct investment totaled TN Dinar 2 billion in 2007, or 5.18% of the total volume of investment in the country. This figure is up 35.7% from 2006 and includes 271 new foreign enterprises and the expansion of 222 others already based in the country.

The economic growth rate seen for 2007, at 6.3% is the highest achieved in a decade.

In November 29 and 30th, Tunisia held an investment conference with country chiefs from all around the world with pledges that have reached $30 billion to finance new public projects.^[18]

Loan Guarantee^[19][edit]

On April 20, 2012, U.S. Treasury Secretary^[20] and Tunisian Finance Minister Houcine Dimassi signed a declaration of intent^[21] to move forward on a U.S. loan guarantee for Tunisia. The U.S. Government would provide this loan guarantee to enable the Tunisian government to access significant market financing at affordable rates and favorable maturities with the backing of a U.S. guarantee of principal and interest (up to 100 percent).

The support would consist of the U.S. guarantee of Tunisian government-issued debt (or of bank loans made to the Government of Tunisia). This guarantee will significantly reduce the Tunisian government's borrowing costs at a time when market access has become more expensive for many emerging market countries. In the weeks ahead, both governments intend to make progress on a loan guarantee agreement that would allow Tunisia to move forward with a debt issuance.

The ceremony took place at the World Bank immediately following the meeting of Finance Ministers of the Deauville Partnership with Arab Countries in Transition.

Electricity[edit]

• Production: 16.13 Billion kWh (2011)^[22]
• Production by source:
  • fossil fuel: 96.8% (2010)
  • hydro: 1.7% (2010)
  • other: 1.5% (2010)
• Consumption: 13.29 billion kWh (2010)
• Exports: None (2010)
• Imports: 19 million kWh (2010)

Agriculture[edit]

Agriculture - products: olives, grain, tomatoes, citrus fruit, sugar beets, dates, almonds,

See also[edit]

• Tunisia
• Economy of Africa
• List of companies based in Tunisia

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Historic Growth Trend of Tunisia’s Economy, 1962 – 2007
• Economy of Tunisia at Curlie
• Economy of Tunisia extracted from the CIA factbook public data