1.
Queen's Privy Council for Canada
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Those in the council are accorded the use of an honorific style and post-nominal letters, as well as various signifiers of precedence. The quorum for Privy Council meetings is four, as its function is to provide the vehicle for advising the Crown, the members of the QPC are predominantly all living current and former ministers of the Crown. In addition, the justices of Canada and former governors general are appointed. To date, only Prime Minister Paul Martin advised that Parliamentary Secretaries be admitted to the QPC, I will in all things to be treated, debated and resolved in Privy Council, faithfully, honestly and truly declare my mind and my opinion. I shall keep secret all matters committed and revealed to me in this capacity, generally, in all things I shall do as a faithful and true servant ought to do for Her Majesty. Harper, on 15 October 2007, also advised Governor General Michaëlle Jean to appoint Jim Abbott, on occasion, a non-Canadian has been appointed to the QPC. For example, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was inducted during a visit to Canada on 29 December 1941. Privy councillors are entitled to the style The Honourable or, for the minister, chief justice, or certain other eminent individuals, The Right Honourable. These appointments ended under Lester Pearson, though the style remained in use, limited to only prime ministers. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King had the Privy Council convene in 1947 to consent to the marriage of Princess Elizabeth to Philip Mountbatten, as per the Royal Marriages Act 1772. The council has assembled in the presence of the sovereign on two occasions, First, at 10,00 am on Thanksgiving Monday of 1957, at the residence in Ottawa. Two years later, the QPC again met before the Queen in Halifax, Nova Scotia, the last formal meeting of the Privy Council was held in 1981 to give formal consent to the marriage of the Prince of Wales to Lady Diana Spencer. There, all gathered were informed of the Princes engagement, nodded their approval, Prince Charles was himself appointed to the council on 18 May 2014
2.
Order of Canada
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The Order of Canada is a Canadian national order, admission into which is the second highest honour for merit in the system of orders, decorations, and medals of Canada. It comes second only to membership in the Order of Merit, membership is accorded to those who exemplify the orders Latin motto, desiderantes meliorem patriam, meaning they desire a better country, a phrase taken from Hebrews 11,16. Appointees to the order are recommended by a board and formally inducted by the governor general or the sovereign. As of October 2016,6,699 people have been appointed to the Order of Canada, including scientists, musicians, politicians, artists, athletes, business people, and film stars, benefactors, and others. Some have resigned or have been removed from the order, while other appointments have been controversial, appointees are presented with insignia and receive the right to armorial bearings. Pearson, who was assisted with the establishment of the order by John Matheson. Laurent, Hugh MacLennan, David Bauer, Gabrielle Roy, Donald Creighton, Thérèse Casgrain, Wilder Penfield, Arthur Lismer, M. J. Coldwell, Edwin Baker, Alex Colville, and Maurice Richard. From the Order of Canada grew a Canadian honours system, thereby reducing the use of British honours, by the 1980s, Canadas provinces began to develop their own distinct honours and decorations. The Canadian monarch, seen as the fount of honour, is at the apex of the Order of Canada as its Sovereign, followed by the governor general, who serves as the fellowships Chancellor. Thereafter follow three grades, which are, in order of precedence, Companion, Officer, and Member, each incumbent governor general is also installed as the Principal Companion for the duration of his or her time in the viceregal post and continues as an extraordinary Companion thereafter. As of March 2016, there have twenty one honorary appointments. There were originally, in effect, only two ranks to the Order of Canada, Companion and the Medal of Service, there was, however, also a third award, the Medal of Courage, meant to recognize acts of gallantry. This latter decoration fell in rank between the two levels, but was anomalous within the Order of Canada, being a separate award of a different nature rather than a middle grade of the order. Lester Pearsons vision of a structure to the order was thus fulfilled. Companions of the Order of Canada have demonstrated the highest degree of merit to Canada and humanity, up to 15 Companions are appointed annually, with an imposed limit of 165 living Companions at any given time, not including those appointed as extraordinary Companions or in an honorary capacity. As of October 2015, there are 143 living Companions, none being honorary, since 1994, substantive members are the only regular citizens who are empowered to administer the Canadian Oath of Citizenship. As of October 2015, there were 1,123 living Officers, Members of the Order of Canada have made an exceptional contribution to Canada or Canadians at a local or regional level, group, field or activity. As many as 136 Members may be appointed annually, not including extraordinary Members and those inducted on an honorary basis, as of October 2015, there were 2,225 living Members, none being honorary
3.
Canadian Parliament
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The Parliament of Canada is the federal legislative branch of Canada, seated at Parliament Hill in the national capital, Ottawa, Ontario. The body consists of the Canadian monarch, represented by a viceroy, the general, an upper house, the Senate, and a lower house. Each element has its own officers and organization, by constitutional convention, the House of Commons is the dominant branch of parliament, the Senate and Crown rarely opposing its will. The Senate reviews legislation from a less partisan standpoint and the monarch or viceroy provides the necessary Royal Assent to make bills into law. The governor general also summons parliament, while either the viceroy or monarch can prorogue or dissolve parliament, either will read the Throne Speech. The most recent parliament, summoned by Governor General David Johnston in 2015, is the 42nd since Confederation in 1867, the Parliament of Canada is composed of three parts, the monarch, the Senate, and the House of Commons. Each has a role, but work in conjunction within the legislative process. Only those who sit in the House of Commons are called members of parliament, though legislatively less powerful, senators take higher positions in the national order of precedence. No individual may serve in more than one chamber of parliament at the same time, the sovereigns place in the legislature, formally called the Queen-in-Parliament, is defined by the Constitution Act,1867, and various conventions. All federal bills begin with the phrase Now, therefore, Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada. And, as such, the Crown is immune from acts of parliament unless expressed otherwise in the act itself. As both the monarch and his or her representatives are traditionally barred from the House of Commons, any parliamentary ceremonies in which they are involved take place in the Senate chamber. The upper and lower houses do, however, each contain a mace, which indicate the authority of the Queen-in-Parliament, following the burning of the Centre Block on 3 February 1916, the City of London, England, donated a replacement, which is still used today. The temporary mace, made of wood, and used until the new one arrived from the United Kingdom in 1917, is carried into the Senate each 3 February. The Senates 1. 6-metre-long mace comprises brass and gold, senators served for life until 1965, when a constitutional amendment imposed a mandatory retirement age of 75. Senators may, however, resign their seats prior to that mark, the Senate is divided equally amongst four geographic regions,24 for Ontario,24 for Quebec,24 for the Maritimes, and 24 for the Western provinces. Newfoundland and Labrador, which became a Canadian province in 1949, is represented by six senators, further, Canadas three territories—the Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut—are allocated one senator each. The elected component of the Canadian parliament is the House of Commons, with each member chosen by a plurality of voters in each of the countrys federal electoral districts
4.
Etobicoke Centre (electoral district)
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Etobicoke Centre is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1979. The riding was created in 1976 from part of the Etobicoke riding in what was then a constituent municipality of Metropolitan Toronto, on May 18,2012, the Ontario Superior Court declared the 2011 federal election results for this district to be null and void. The judge ruled that 79 votes should not have been counted when the margin of victory in the riding was only 26 votes, on May 28,2012, however, the incumbent Member of Parliament, Ted Opitz, filed an appeal with the Supreme Court of Canada. On October 25,2012, the Supreme Court allowed Mr. Opitzs appeal, in its decision, the Supreme Court restored 59 of the 79 tossed votes, essentially leaving Mr. Optiz with a 6 vote margin of victory. This riding lost territory to Etobicoke North and gained territory from Etobicoke—Lakeshore during the 2012 electoral redistribution. It has elected four members of the House of Commons of Canada, Note, Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote, Note, Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election. List of Canadian federal electoral districts Past Canadian electoral districts Census Profile, House of Commons of Canada historical ridings section 2011 Results from Elections Canada, Results certified by judicial recount Campaign expense data from Elections Canada
5.
Allan Rock
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Allan Michael Rock, PC is a lawyer, former Canadian politician, diplomat and was the President of University of Ottawa. He was Canadas ambassador to the United Nations and had served in the Cabinet of Jean Chrétien, most notably as Justice Minister. Rock was appointed President and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Ottawa by the Board of Governors of the University on June 3,2008 and his term as the President of University of Ottawa began on July 15,2008 and ended on July 1,2016. Rock was born to James Thomas Rock and Anne Rock in Ottawa, where he was raised and educated through secondary school. He received a B. A. in 1968 and an LL. B. in 1971 at the University of Ottawa and began his 20-year career as a lawyer where he specialized in civil, commercial. As a student leader in June 1969 he met John Lennon and he had invited Lennon to Ottawa after his famous bed-in in Montreal. He tried to introduce Lennon to Pierre Trudeau, but the minister was not at home when they dropped by. On graduation from law school, Rock joined Fasken & Calvin, a noted Bay Street Toronto law firm and he rose to be a partner and was seen as one of Canadas best litigators. Rock and Rolls co-taught the civil section of the Bar Admission course. Rock became the 52nd Treasurer of the Law Society of Upper Canada, in 1993, he was elected as the Member of Parliament for Etobicoke-Centre and named Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada. In that capacity, he introduced significant changes to the Criminal Code and he became Minister of Health in 1997, where he facilitated the creation of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and more than doubled annual health research funding on a national scale. However, all of the leadership candidates were unable to affect Paul Martins commanding lead. In 2003, Rock dropped out of the leadership and announced his support for Martin and he later endorsed Stéphane Dions successful bid to lead the party. On December 12,2003, Queen Elizabeth II, on the advice of Paul Martin, Rock resigned his seat in the House of Commons and took office in early 2004. As the voice of Canadians at the United Nations, Rock was an advocate of human rights, human security. Rock tendered his resignation in February and on February 16,2006, Rock remained in office until June 30,2006 at Harpers request. Upon his departure, he called for an overhaul of the UN, Rock submitted a report about child soldiers in Sri Lanka on January 15,2007 to the UN. Rock announced earlier in June 2006, that he would be moving to Windsor, Ontario to resume his career with Harvey Thomas Strosberg at Sutts
6.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
7.
Frank McKenna
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Francis Joseph Frank McKenna, PC OC ONB QC is a Canadian businessman and former politician and diplomat. He is currently Deputy Chairman of the Toronto-Dominion Bank and he served as Canadian Ambassador to the United States from 2005 to 2006. He served as the 27th Premier of New Brunswick from 1987 to 1997, McKenna was born in Apohaqui, New Brunswick, Canada. He was raised in the home of his grandparents, who lived adjacent to his parents, after completing high school in Sussex, New Brunswick, he completed a bachelors degree in Political Science and Economics at St. Francis Xavier University in Antigonish, Nova Scotia. After he obtained a law degree, he moved to Chatham, New Brunswick, a few years later, he entered provincial politics and won a seat in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick in the 1982 election to represent Chatham, New Brunswick. He became leader of the provincial Liberals in 1985, and won one of the largest electoral victories in Canadian history in the 1987 election when his party won every seat in the legislature, McKennas term in office was viewed mostly as a success. His key priority throughout his term was job creation and he was known to say that the best social program we have is a job, another of his strategies was to raise the collective self confidence of New Brunswickers, which he believed would increase productivity. He introduced a public relations operation which included the use of controversial video news releases. Communications New Brunswick had been responsible to the Premiers chief of staff in past governments and McKenna made it report to the head of the civil service. Believing ten years was long enough for a premier to hold office, after leaving office McKenna moved to Cap-Pélé, New Brunswick, near Moncton, and returned to the practice of law and sat on numerous corporate boards. He also purchased with his son, James McKenna, Glenwood Kitchen Ltd, a manufacturer of high-end custom cabinetry in Shediac, New Brunswick. McKenna was mentioned as a possible Ambassador to the US to succeed Michael Kergin after Paul Martin took power, speculation increased after John Manley turned down Prime Minister Martins offer. Many in the press commented on McKennas business connections being an asset, notably as a member of the Carlyle Group, on January 5,2005, Prime Minister Paul Martins office confirmed that McKenna would be the 21st Ambassador to the United States. On January 14, the posting was formally announced and would be effective on March 1, McKenna became the Ambassador on March 8 when U. S. President George W. Bush accepted his credentials. However, Martin contradicted this two days later when he announced that Canada would not formally participate in the NMD program, as Ambassador, McKenna attracted more media attention than most of his recent predecessors on both sides of the border. In the U. S. McKenna generated controversy after giving a speech on September 29,2005. McKenna blasted the U. S. bureaucracy and Congressional system of government saying the government of the United States is in large measure dysfunctional and he contrasted it with Canadas government, and praised Canadas strong parliamentary party discipline as being much more efficient though sometimes less preferable. He was succeeded as ambassador by Michael Wilson on March 13,2006, since leaving politics in 1997, McKenna served for a brief time on the Security Intelligence Review Committee
