Current French word
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Old Franconian
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Dutch or other Germanic cognates
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Latin/Romance
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affranchir "to free"
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*frank "freeborn; unsubjugated, answering to no one", nasalized variant of *frāki "rash, untamed, impudent"
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Du frank "unforced, sincere, frank", vrank "carefree, brazen", Du frank en vrij (idiom) "free as air"[20] Du Frankrijk "France", Du vrek "miser", OHG franko "free man" Norwegian: frekk "rude"
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L līberāre
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alène "awl" (Sp alesna, It lesina)
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*alisna
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MDu elsene, else, Du els
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L sūbula
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alise "whitebeam berry" (OFr alis, alie "whitebeam")
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*alísō "alder"[21]
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MDu elze, Du els "alder" (vs. G Erle "alder"); Du elsbes "whitebeam", G Else "id."
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non-native to the Mediterranean
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baron
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*baro "freeman", "bare of duties"[citation needed]
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MDu baren "to give birth", Du bar "gravely", "bare", OHG baro "freeman", OE beorn "noble"
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Germanic cultural import Late, Vulgar, and Medieval Latin *baro
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bâtard "bastard" (FrProv bâsco)
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*bāst "marriage"[22]
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MDu bast "lust, heat, reproductive season", WFris boaste, boask "marriage"
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L nothus
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bâtir "to build" (OFr bastir "to baste, tie together") bâtiment "building" bastille "fortress" bastion "fortress"
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*bastian "to bind with bast string"
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MDu besten "to sew up, to connect", OHG bestan "to mend, patch", NHG basteln "to tinker"; MDu best "liaison" (Du gemenebest "commonwealth")
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L construere (It costruire)
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bière "beer"
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*bera
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Du bier
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L cervisia(celtic)
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blanc, blanche "white"
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*blank
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Du blinken "to shine", blank "white, shining"
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L albus
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bleu "blue" (OFr blou, bleve)
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*blao
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MDu blā, blau, blaeuw, Du blauw
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L caeruleus "light blue", lividus "dark blue"
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bois "wood, forest"
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*busk "bush, underbrush"
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MDu bosch, busch, Du bos "forest", "bush"
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L silva "forest" (OFr selve), L lignum "wood" (OFr lein)[23]
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bourg "town/city"
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*burg or *burc "fortified settlement"
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ODu burg, MDu burcht Got. baurg OHG burg OE burh, OLG burg, ON borg
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L urbs "fortified city", Late Latin burgus
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broder "to embroider" (OFr brosder, broisder)
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*brosdōn, blend of *borst "bristle" and *brordōn "to embroider"
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G Borste "boar bristle", Du borstel "bristle"; OS brordōn "to embroider, decorate", brord "needle"
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L pingere "to paint; embroider" (Fr peindre "to paint")
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broyer "to grind, crush" (OFr brier)
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*brekan "to break"
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Du breken "to break",
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LL tritāre (Occ trissar "to grind", but Fr trier "to sort"), LL pistāre (It pestare "to pound, crush", OFr pester), L machīnare (Dalm maknur "to grind", Rom măcina, It macinare)
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brun "brown"
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*brūn
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MDu brun and Du bruin "brown" [24]
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choquer "to shock"
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*skukjan
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Du schokken "to shock, to shake"
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choisir "to choose"
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*kiosan
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MDu kiesen, Du kiezen, keuze
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L eligēre (Fr élire "to elect"), VL exeligēre (cf. It scegliere), excolligere (Cat escollir, Sp escoger, Pg escolher)
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chouette "barn owl" (OFr çuete, dim. of choë, choue "jackdaw")
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*kōwa, kāwa "chough, jackdaw"
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MDu couwe "rook", Du kauw, kaauw "chough"
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not distinguished in Latin: L būbō "owl", ōtus "eared owl", ulula "screech owl", ulucus likewise "screech owl" (cf. Sp loco "crazy"), noctua "night owl"
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cresson "watercress"
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*kresso
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MDu kersse, korsse, Du kers, dial. kors
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L nasturtium, LL berula (but Fr berle "water parsnip")
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danser "to dance" (OFr dancier)
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*dansōn[25]
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OHG dansōn "to drag along, trail"; further to MDu densen, deinsen "to shrink back", Du deinzen "to stir; move away, back up", OHG dinsan "to pull, stretch"
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LL ballare (OFr baller, It ballare, Pg bailar)
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déchirer "to rip, tear" (OFr escirer)
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*skerian "to cut, shear"
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MDu scēren, Du scheren "to shave, shear", scheuren "to tear"
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VL extractiāre (Prov estraçar, It stracciare), VL exquartiare "to rip into fours" (It squarciare, but Fr écarter "to move apart, distance"), exquintiare "to rip into five" (Cat/Occ esquinçar)
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dérober "to steal, reave" (OFr rober, Sp robar)
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*rōbon "to steal"
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MDu rōven, Du roven "to rob"
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VL furicare "to steal" (It frugare)
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écang "swingle-dag, tool for beating fibrous stems"
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*swank "bat, rod"
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MDu swanc "wand, rod", Du (dial. Holland) zwang "rod"
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L pistillum (Fr dial. pesselle "swingle-dag")
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écran "screen" (OFr escran)
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*skrank[26]
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MDu schrank "chassis"; G Schrank "cupboard", Schranke "fence"
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L obex
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écrevisse "crayfish" (OFr crevice)
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*krebit
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Du kreeft "crayfish, lobster"
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L cammārus "crayfish" (cf. Occ chambre, It gambero, Pg camarão)
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éperon "spur" (OFr esporon)
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*sporo
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MDu spōre, Du spoor
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L calcar
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épier "to watch" Old French espie "male spy", , Modern French espion is from Italian
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*spehōn "to spy"
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Du spieden, bespieden "to spy", HG spähen "to peer, to peek, to scout",
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escrime "fencing" < Old Italian scrimia < OFr escremie from escremir "fight"
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*skirm "to protect"
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Du schermen "to fence", scherm "(protective) screen", bescherming "protection", afscherming "shielding"
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étrier "stirrup" (OFr estrieu, estrief)
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*stīgarēp, from stīgan "to go up, to mount" and rēp "band"
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MDu steegereep, Du stijgreep, stijgen "to rise", steigeren
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LL stapia (later ML stapēs), ML saltatorium (cf. MFr saultoir)
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flèche "arrow"
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*fliukka
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Du vliek "arrow feather", MDu vliecke, OS fliuca (MLG fliecke "long arrow")
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L sagitta (OFr saete, It saetta, Pg seta)
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frais "fresh" (OFr freis, fresche)
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*friska "fresh"
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Du vers "fresh", fris "cold", German frisch
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franc "free, exempt; straightforward, without hassle" (LL francus "freeborn, freedman") France "France" (OFr Francia) franchement "frankly"
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*frank "freeborn; unsubjugated, answering to no one", nasalized variant of *frāki "rash, untamed, impudent"
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MDu vrec "insolent", Du frank "unforced, sincere, frank", vrank "carefree, brazen",[27] Du Frankrijk "France", Du vrek "miser", OHG franko "free man"
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L ingenuus "freeborn" L Gallia[28]
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frapper "to hit, strike" (OFr fraper)
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*hrapan "to jerk, snatch"[29]
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Du rapen "gather up, collect", G raffen "to grab"
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L ferire (OFr ferir)
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frelon "hornet" (OFr furlone, ML fursleone)
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*hurslo
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MDu horsel, Du horzel
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L crābrō (cf. It calabrone)
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freux "rook" (OFr frox, fru)
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*hrōk
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MDu roec, Du roek
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not distinguished in Latin
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galoper "to gallop"
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*wala hlaupan "to run well"
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Du wel "good, well" + lopen "to run"
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garder "to guard"
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*wardōn
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MDu waerden "to defend", OS wardōn
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L cavere, servare
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gant "gauntlet"
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*want
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Du want "gauntlet"
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givre "frost (substance)"
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*gibara "drool, slobber"
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EFris gever, LG Geiber, G Geifer "drool, slobber"
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L gelū (cf. Fr gel "frost (event); freezing")
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glisser "to slip" (OFr glier)
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*glīdan "to glide"
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MDu glīden, Du glijden "to glide"; Du glis "skid"; G gleiten, Gleis "track"
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ML planare
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grappe "bunch (of grapes)" (OFr crape, grape "hook, grape stalk")
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*krāppa "hook"
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MDu crappe "hook", Du (dial. Holland) krap "krank", G Krapfe "hook", (dial. Franconian) Krape "torture clamp, vice"
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L racemus (Prov rasim "bunch", Cat raïm, Sp racimo, but Fr raisin "grape")
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gris "grey"
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*grîs "grey"
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Du grijs "grey"
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L cinereus "ash-coloured, grey"
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guenchir "to turn aside, avoid"
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*wenkjan
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Du wankelen "to go unsteady"
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guérir "to heal, cure" (OFr garir "to defend") guérison "healing" (OFr garrison "healing")
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*warjan "to protect, defend"
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MDu weeren, Du weren "to protect, defend", Du bewaren "to keep, preserve"
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L sānāre (Sard sanare, Sp/Pg sanar, OFr saner), medicāre (Dalm medcuar "to heal")
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guerre "war"
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*werra "war"
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Du war[30] or wirwar "tangle",[31] verwarren "to confuse"
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L bellum
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guigne "heart cherry" (OFr guisne)
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*wīksina[32]
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G Weichsel "sour cherry", (dial. Rhine Franconian) Waingsl, (dial. East Franconian) Wassen, Wachsen
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non-native to the Mediterranean
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haïr "to hate" (OFr hadir "to hate") haine "hatred" (OFr haïne "hatred")
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*hatjan
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Du haten "to hate", haat "hatred"
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L ōdī "to hate", odium "hatred"
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hanneton "cockchafer"
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*hāno "rooster" + -eto (diminutive suffix) with sense of "beetle, weevil"
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Du haan "rooster", leliehaantje "lily beetle", bladhaantje "leaf beetle", G Hahn "rooster", (dial. Rhine Franconian) Hahn "sloe bug, shield bug", Lilienhähnchen "lily beetle"
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LL bruchus "chafer" (cf. Fr dial. brgue, beùrgne, brégue), cossus (cf. SwRom coss, OFr cosson "weevil")
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haubert "hauberk"
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*halsberg "neck-cover"[33]
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Du hals "neck" + berg "cover" (cf Du herberg "hostel")
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L lorica
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héron "heron"
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*heigero, variant of *hraigro
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MDu heiger "heron", Du reiger "heron"
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L ardea
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houx "holly"
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*hulis
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MDu huls, Du hulst
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L aquifolium (Sp acebo), later VL acrifolium (Occ grefuèlh, agreu, Cat grèvol, It agrifoglio)
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jardin "garden" (VL hortus gardinus "enclosed garden", Ofr jardin, jart)[34][35]
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*gardo "garden"
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Du gaard "garden", boomgaard "orchard"; OS gardo "garden"
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L hortus
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lécher "to lick" (OFr lechier "to live in debauchery")
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*leccōn "to lick"
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MDu lecken, Du likken "to lick"
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L lingere (Sard línghere), lambere (Sp lamer, Pg lamber)
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maçon "bricklayer" (OFr masson, machun)
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*mattio "mason"[36]
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Du metsen "to mason", metselaar "masoner"; OHG mezzo "stonemason", meizan "to beat, cut", G Metz, Steinmetz "mason"
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VL murator (Occ murador, Sard muradore, It muratóre)
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maint "many" (OFr maint, meint "many")
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*menigþa "many"
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Du menig "many", menigte "group of people"
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marais "marsh, swamp"
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*marisk "marsh"
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MDu marasch, meresch, maersc, Du meers "wet grassland", (dial. Holland) mars
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L paludem (Occ palun, It palude)
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maréchal "marshal" maréchausse "military police"
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*marh-skalk "horse-servant"
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ODu marscalk "horse-servant" (marchi "mare" + skalk "servant"); MDu marscalc "horse-servant, royal servant" (mare "mare" + skalk "serf"); Du maarschalk "marshal" (merrie "mare" + schalk "comic", schalks "teasingly")
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nord "north"
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*Nortgouue (790–793 A.D.) "north" + "frankish district" (Du gouw, Deu Gau, Fri/LSax Go)
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Du noord or noorden "north",[37] Du Henegouwen (province of Hainaut) [38]
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L septemtrio(nes) / septentrio(nes) "north, north wind, northern regions, (pl.) seven stars near the north pole", boreas "north wind, north", aquilo "stormy wind, north wind, north", aquilonium "northerly regions, north"
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osier "osier (basket willow); withy" (OFr osière, ML auseria)
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*halster[39]
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MDu halster, LG dial. Halster, Hilster "bay willow"
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L vīmen "withy" (It vimine "withy", Sp mimbre, vimbre "osier", Pg vimeiro, Cat vímet "withy"), vinculum (It vinco "osier", dial. vinchio, Friul venc)
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patte "paw"
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*pata "foot sole"
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Du poot "paw",[40] Du pets "strike"; LG Pad "sole of the foot";[41] further to G Patsche "instrument for striking the hand", Patschfuss "web foot", patschen "to dabble", (dial. Bavarian) patzen "to blot, pat, stain"[42]
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Vulg L pauta,[40] LL branca "paw" (Sard brànca, It brince, Rom brîncă, Prov branca, Romansh franka, but Fr branche "treelimb"), see also Deu Pranke
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poche "pocket"
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*poka "pouch"
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MDu poke, G dial. Pfoch "pouch, change purse"
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L bulga "leather bag" (Fr bouge "bulge"), LL bursa "coin purse" (Fr bourse "money pouch, purse", It bórsa, Sp/Pg bolsa)
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riche "rich"
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*riki "rich"
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MDu rike, Du rijk "kingdom", "rich"
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L dives
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sale "dirty"
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*salo "pale, sallow"
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MDu salu, saluwe "discolored, dirty", Du (old) zaluw "tawny"
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L succidus (cf. It sudicio, Sp sucio, Pg sujo, Ladin scich, Friul soç)
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salle "room"
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*sala "hall, room"
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ODu zele "house made with sawn beams", Many place names: "Melsele", "Broeksele" (Brussels) etc.
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saule "willow"
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*salha "sallow, pussy willow"
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OHG salaha, G Salweide "pussy willow", OE sealh
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L salix "willow" (OFr sauz, sausse)
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saisir "to seize, snatch; bring suit, vest a court" (ML sacīre "to lay claim to, appropriate")
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*sakan "to take legal action"[43]
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Du zeiken "to nag, to quarrel", zaak "court case", OS sakan "to accuse", OHG sahhan "to strive, quarrel, rebuke", OE sacan "to quarrel, claim by law, accuse";
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VL aderigere (OFr aerdre "to seize")
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standard "standard" (OFr estandart "standard")
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*standhard "stand hard, stand firm"
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Du staan (to stand) + hard "hard"
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tamis "sieve" (It tamigio)
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*tamisa
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MDu temse, teemse, obs. Du teems "sifter"
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L crībrum (Fr crible "riddle, sift")
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tomber "to fall" (OFr tumer "to somersault")
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*tūmōn "to tumble"
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Du tuimelen "to tumble", OS/OHG tūmōn "to tumble",
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L cadere (obsolete Fr cheoir)
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trêve "truce"
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*treuwa "loyalty, agreement"
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Du trouw "faithfulness, loyalty"
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L pausa (Fr pause)
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troène "privet" (dialectal truèle, ML trūlla)
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*trugil "hard wood; small trough"
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OHG trugilboum, harttrugil "dogwood; privet", G Hartriegel "dogwood", dialectally "privet", (dial. Eastern) Trögel, archaic (dial. Swabian) Trügel "small trough, trunk, basin"
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L ligustrum
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tuyau "pipe, hose" (OFr tuiel, tuel)
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*þūta
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MDu tūte "nipple; pipe", Du tuit "spout, nozzle", OE þwēot "channel; canal"
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L canna "reed; pipe" (It/SwRom/FrProv cana "pipe")
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